This chapter examines how food processing impacts human health, the environment, and sustainability, addressing traditional and contemporary preservation methods and techniques, like fermentation, canned foods, and frozen foods, and plant-based meat.  It compares conventional with organic agriculture and frozen and canned foods with fresh and exposes misinformation about eating local (food miles) and dietary carbon footprint, emphasizing the scientific consensus to consume more vegetables and fruit and other plant foods for best health.  It highlights the preponderance of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) in Western diets, often plastic-packaged with high levels of sugar, salt, fat, and calories that contribute to obesity and chronic diseases.  Yet many nutrient-dense UPFs—like fortified cereals and plant-based meat—offer health benefits, underscoring the importance of balance and moderation to create healthy, sustainable diets.  Finally, it examines genetic engineering in food production, combating disinformation about genetically modified organisms (GMOs) that undermines their role in sustainability and food security.